{"id":21032,"date":"2014-08-29T10:58:00","date_gmt":"2014-08-29T08:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.opc.cat\/el-problema-con-muchos-cientificos-creen-2\/"},"modified":"2014-08-29T10:58:00","modified_gmt":"2014-08-29T08:58:00","slug":"el-problema-con-muchos-cientificos-creen-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.opc.cat\/es\/el-problema-con-muchos-cientificos-creen-2\/","title":{"rendered":"El problema con \u201cmuchos cient\u00edficos creen\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\">\n<a href=\"http:\/\/divulgame.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/muchos_cientificos_creen.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/divulgame.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/muchos_cientificos_creen.png\" height=\"164\" width=\"320\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<h3>\n<\/h3>\n<h3>\n\u201cMuchos cient\u00edficos creen\u201d es una expresi\u00f3n que plantea tres inconvenientes fundamentales<\/h3>\n<div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Esta frase hecha, y otras similares (como \u201calgunos cient\u00edficos creen\u201d) no es ya tan com\u00fan como sol\u00eda ser en los libros de texto de los colegios, pero s\u00ed persisten variantes similares. Supone una triple amenaza a la educaci\u00f3n en ciencia. Primero, \u201cmuchos\u201d: la ciencia no est\u00e1 sometida a voto, de modo que no importa cu\u00e1ntos cient\u00edficos acepten una idea. Se trata de la calidad de las pruebas que la apoyen. Segundo, \u201ccient\u00edficos\u201d: en cierto modo, desde luego, son los cient\u00edficos los que trabajan en esto, no los lecheros o los corredores de bolsa. Y se entiende que los cient\u00edficos est\u00e1n mejor entrenados que estos \u00faltimos para analizar las pruebas cient\u00edficas. De nuevo, lo importante es la calidad de estas pruebas. A\u00fan as\u00ed, la ciencia es un asunto heterog\u00e9neo: Probablemente un f\u00edsico sabr\u00e1 poco de los problemas de la paleontolog\u00eda, y esto es aplicable de manera rec\u00edproca a los paleont\u00f3logos con la teor\u00eda de cuerdas.<\/p>\n<p>Tercero, \u201ccreen\u201d: decir que los cient\u00edficos \u201ccreen\u201d sus resultados sugiere, falsamente, que esa aceptaci\u00f3n no est\u00e1 basada en evidencias, sino que se basa de alg\u00fan modo en la fe. Una vez m\u00e1s, la cuesti\u00f3n es la calidad de esas pruebas: los cient\u00edficos aceptan que los resultados son la mejor explicaci\u00f3n que tenemos de momento para un problema, y reconocen que sus hallazgos son objeto de constante re-evaluaci\u00f3n a medida que se descubren nuevas pruebas. Esto es un problema porque, a menudo, \u00a1son los propios cient\u00edficos quienes utilizan la palabra \u201ccreer\u201d al hablar de sus resultados! Y lo hacen simplemente por un discurso chapucero: no dir\u00edan que sus conclusiones son una cuesti\u00f3n de fe sino de los resultados obtenidos.<\/p>\n<p>En lugar de decir \u201cmuchos cient\u00edficos creen\u201d o \u201calgunos cient\u00edficos creen\u201d, es m\u00e1s efectivo hablar de las pruebas. \u00bfCu\u00e1les (si es que hay alguna) apoyan una determinada hip\u00f3tesis, y cu\u00e1les (de nuevo, si las hay) parecen contradecirla? Y dos cosas m\u00e1s: primero, hay que analizar qu\u00e9 m\u00e1s necesitamos saber antes de seguir avanzando en la pregunta planteada; y segundo, tener claro c\u00f3mo sabr\u00edamos que una hip\u00f3tesis es falsa. Esto, mejor que cualquier otra cosa, ense\u00f1ar\u00eda a los estudiantes en qu\u00e9 consiste verdaderamente la ciencia. Es m\u00e1s costoso para el autor, pero merece la pena para fomentar el inter\u00e9s del alumno y su comprensi\u00f3n. (Una referencia indispensable para explicar c\u00f3mo funciona realmente la ciencia est\u00e1 disponible en:<a href=\"http:\/\/undsci.berkeley.edu\/article\/howscienceworks_01\">http:\/\/undsci.berkeley.edu\/article\/howscienceworks_01<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>Por ejemplo, a muchos libros y la inmensa mayor\u00eda de los periodistas les gusta repetir que un asteroide impact\u00f3 contra la Tierra hace unos 65 millones de a\u00f1os acabando con los dinosaurios y muchos otros organismos. Es una idea compleja, y puede que algunas partes sean ciertas o err\u00f3neas sin invalidar el concepto general de que el impacto de un gran asteroide pudo haber provocado un importante desastre ambiental. Cient\u00edficos de muchas disciplinas han trabajado en este problema durante d\u00e9cadas. Ninguno tiene todas las piezas del puzzle, y la formaci\u00f3n de cada uno influye en lo que piensan que es importante e incluso sobre lo que entienden. Y sin embargo, nada de ello es cuesti\u00f3n de creencias o fe.<\/p>\n<p>Se puede decir que mucha gente acepta o piensa que un asteroide mat\u00f3 a los dinosaurios, y esto incluye a muchos cient\u00edficos. Pero la mayor\u00eda de los que estudian los dinosaurios de ese per\u00edodo de tiempo no est\u00e1n de acuerdo en que un asteroide acabase con ellos. Esto en s\u00ed mismo deber\u00eda ser importante, pero m\u00e1s importantes a\u00fan son las pruebas: al trazar varios linajes de vertebrados en el l\u00edmite entre Cret\u00e1cico y Ternario, resulta que algunos linajes de mam\u00edferos se vieron afectados y otros no, la mayor\u00eda de vertebrados (como los cocodrilos, lagartos y anfibios) no se vieron afectados severamente, y todos los tipos de dinosaurios salvo tres hab\u00edan desaparecido durante los seis millones de a\u00f1os anteriores \u2013 presuntamente no anticip\u00e1ndose a la gran colisi\u00f3n. De modo que son las evidencias lo que los cient\u00edficos tienen en cuenta\u2026 o deber\u00edan tener. Y esto se aplica tambi\u00e9n a quienes informan de estos temas.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: right;\">\n<i><br \/><\/i><\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: right;\">\n<i style=\"color: #999999; font-size: small;\">Fuente: <a href=\"http:\/\/divulgame.org\/2014\/08\/29\/el-problema-con-muchos-cientificos-creen\/\" target=\"_blank\">Div\u00falgame<\/a><\/i><\/div>\n<div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cMuchos cient\u00edficos creen\u201d es una expresi\u00f3n que plantea tres inconvenientes fundamentales Esta frase hecha, y otras similares (como \u201calgunos cient\u00edficos creen\u201d) no es ya tan com\u00fan como sol\u00eda ser en los libros de texto de los colegios, pero s\u00ed persisten variantes similares. Supone una triple amenaza a la educaci\u00f3n en ciencia. Primero, \u201cmuchos\u201d: la ciencia [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24167,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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